Bilingual Sage Wisdom 圣贤智慧|孙子兵法之⑨：行军篇 The Army on the March

行军篇 The Army on the March

【原文】

孙子曰：凡处军相敌，绝山依谷，视生处高，战隆无登，此处山之军也。绝水必远水；客绝水而来，勿迎之于水内，令半济而击之，利；欲战者，无附于水而迎客；视生处高，无迎水流，此处水上之军也。

绝斥泽，惟亟去无留；若交军于斥泽之中，必依水草而背众树，此处斥泽之军也。平陆处易而右背高，前死后生，此处平陆之军也。凡此四军之利，黄帝之所以胜四帝也。

凡军好高而恶下，贵阳而贱阴，养生而处实，军无百疾，是谓必胜。丘陵堤防，必处其阳而右背之。此兵之利，地之助也。上雨，水沫至，欲涉者，待其定也。凡地有绝涧、天井、天牢、天罗、天陷、天隙，必亟去之，勿近也。吾远之，敌近之，吾迎之，敌背之。

军行有险阻、潢井、葭苇、山林、翳荟者，必谨复索之，此伏奸之所处也。

敌近而静者，恃者险也；远而其挑战者，欲人之进也；其所居易者，利也；众树动者，来也；众草多障者，疑也。鸟起者，伏也；兽骇者，覆也。尘高而锐者，车来也；卑而广者，徒来也；散而条达者，樵采也；少而往来者，营军也。

辞卑而益备者，进也；辞强而进驱者，退也；轻车先出居其侧者，陈也；无约而请和者，谋也；奔走而陈兵车者，期也；半进半退者，诱也。

杖而立者，饥也；汲而先饮者，渴也；见利而不进者，劳也；鸟集者，虚也；夜呼者，恐也；军扰者，将不重也；旌旗动者，乱也；吏怒者，倦也；粟马肉食，军无悬缻，不返其舍者，穷寇也。

谆谆翕翕，徐与人言者，失众也；数赏者，窘也；数罚者，困也；先暴而后畏其众者，不精之至也；来委谢者，欲休息也。兵怒而相迎，久而不合，又不相去，必谨察之。

兵非益多也，惟无武进，足以并力、料敌、取人而已；夫惟无虑而易敌者，必擒于人。

卒未亲附而罚之则不服，不服则难用也；卒已亲附而罚不行，则不可用也。故令之以文，齐之以武，是谓必取。令素行以教其民，则民服；令不素行以教其民，则民不服。令素行者，与众相得也。

【译文】

孙子说，在部署军队和判断敌情时，都应该注意：通过山地时，要靠近溪谷行进，安营扎寨要驻扎在居高向阳的地方；敌人占领了的高地不要去攀登仰攻，这是军队在山地上的部署原则。横渡江河，必须在远离江河处驻扎；敌人渡水来战，不要在他到水边时予以迎击，而要等它渡过一半时再进行攻击，这样才有利；如果要同敌人决战，不要紧挨水边布兵列阵；在江河地带驻扎，也应当居高向阳，不要处于江河下游处，这是军队在江河地带上的部署原则。

通过盐碱沼泽地带，应该迅速离开，不要停留；倘若同敌人相遇于盐碱沼泽地带，那就一定要靠近水草并背靠树林，这是军队在碱盐沼泽地带上的部署原则。在平原地带要选择平坦开阔地域安营，而右翼部队则应倚托高地，做到前低后高，这是军队在平原地带上的部署原则。以上四种军队的部署原则运用所带来的好处，正是黄帝之所以能战胜其他四帝的原因。

在一般情况下，军队总是喜欢驻扎在干燥的高地，厌恶潮湿的洼地，重视向阳之处，避开阴湿之地。军队应驻扎在靠近水草丰茂、军需供应方便、安全可靠的地方；将士百病不生，这样克敌制胜就有了保证。在丘陵堤防地域，必须占领朝南向阳的一面，而把右翼主力部队背靠高地，这些对于用兵有利的措施，是得益于地形的辅助。上游下雨涨水，洪水骤至，水上的草木碎末就会聚集而至，部队若想要涉水过河，得等待水流平稳后再过。凡是遇上绝涧、天井、天牢、天罗、天陷、天隙这六种地形，必须迅速离开，不要靠近。我们远远离开这些地形，而让敌人去接近它们；我们应面向这些地形，而让敌人去背靠它们。

行军过程中如遇到险山大川阻绝之地、洼陷之地、水草丛聚之地、山林森然、草木繁茂之地，一定要谨慎地反复搜索，这些都是敌人可能设下伏兵和隐藏奸细的地方。

敌人离我很近而保持安静的，是倚仗它占领着险要的地形；敌人离我很远而前来挑战的，是想引诱我军进攻，入其圈套；敌人之所以驻扎在平坦地带，是因为有利于进退自如。许多树木摇曳摆动，这是敌人隐蔽前来；在杂草丛生之处设下许多障碍，这是敌人布下的疑阵。鸟雀惊飞，这是下面有伏兵；野兽骇奔，这是敌人大举突袭。尘土飞扬又高又尖，这是敌人的战车驰来；尘土低而宽广，这是敌人的步兵开来；尘土四散有致，这是敌人在砍伐柴薪；尘土稀薄而又时起时落，这是敌人正在结寨扎营。

敌人的使者措辞谦卑又在加紧战备的，这是敌人准备进攻作战；敌人的使者措辞强硬而军队又做出前进姿态的，这是准备撤退；敌人战车先出动，部署在侧翼的，这是在布列阵势；敌人没有陷入困境而主动前来讲和的，必定是有阴谋；敌人急速奔跑并摆开兵车列阵的，是期待同我决战；敌人半进半退的，是企图引诱我军。

敌兵倚着兵器站立，这是饥饿的表现；敌兵打水的人自己先喝，这是干渴缺水的表现；敌人明见有利而不进兵争夺，这是极度疲劳的表现；敌军营寨上方飞鸟集结，表明是座空营；敌人夜间惊慌叫喊，这是其恐惧的表现；敌营惊扰纷乱，这表明敌将没有威严；敌阵旗帜摇动不整齐，这说明敌人队伍已经混乱；敌人军官易怒烦躁，表明全军已经疲倦；用粮食喂马，杀牲口吃肉，收拾起炊具，不返回营寨，这是打算拼死突围的穷寇。

敌将低声下气同部下讲话，这表明敌将失去人心；接连不断地犒赏士卒，这表明敌人已无计可施；反反复复地处罚部属，这表明敌军处境困难；敌方将领先对部下凶暴，后又害怕部下的，是最不精明的将领；敌人派遣使者前来送礼言好，这是敌人希冀休兵息战。敌人逞怒同我对阵，可是久不交锋而又不撤退，这就必须审慎地观察其意图。

兵力并不在于越多越好，只要不是轻敌冒进，而能够做到集中兵力、判明敌情、取得部下的信任和支持，也就能取胜于敌人；那种既无深谋远虑而又自恃轻敌的人，一定会被敌人所俘虏。

士卒还没有亲近依附就施行惩罚，那么他们就会不服，不服就难以使用；士卒已经亲附，而军纪军法仍得不到执行，那就无法用他们去作战。因此，要用政治道义来教育士兵，用军纪军法来整饬、规范他们，这样的军队打起仗来必定胜利。平素能认真执行命令、教育士卒，士卒就会养成服从的习惯。平素不认真执行命令、教育士卒，士卒就会养成不服从的习惯。平素军纪军令能够得到贯彻执行，这表明将帅同士卒之间相处融洽。

【英文】

Sun Tzu said: We come now to the question of encamping the army, and observing signs of the enemy. Pass quickly over mountains, and keep in the neighborhood of valleys. Camp in high places, facing the sun. Do not climb heights in order to fight. So much for mountain warfare. After crossing a river, you should get far away from it. When an invading force crosses a river in its onward march, do not advance to meet it in mid-stream. It will be best to let half the army get across, and then deliver your attack. If you are anxious to fight, you should not go to meet the invader near a river which he has to cross. Moor your craft higher up than the enemy, and facing the sun. Do not move up-stream to meet the enemy. So much for river warfare.

In crossing salt-marshes, your sole concern should be to get over them quickly, without any delay. If forced to fight in a salt-marsh, you should have water and grass near you, and get your back to a clump of trees. So much for operations in salt-marches. In dry, level country, take up an easily accessible position with rising ground to your right and on your rear, so that the danger may be in front, and safety lie behind. So much for campaigning in flat country. These are the four useful branches of military knowledge which enabled the Yellow Emperor to vanquish four several sovereigns.

All armies prefer high ground to low and sunny places to dark. If you are careful of your men, and camp on hardground, the army will be free from disease of every kind, and this will spell victory.

When you come to a hill or a bank, occupy the sunny side, with the slope on your right rear. Thus you will at once act for the benefit of your soldiers and utilize the natural advantages of the ground. When, in consequence of heavy rains up-country, a river which you wish to ford is swollen and flecked with foam, you must wait until it subsides. Country in which there are precipitous cliffs with torrents running between, deep natural hollows, confined places, tangled thickets, quagmires and crevasses, should be left with all possible speed and not approached. While we keep away from such places, we should get the enemy to approach them; while we face them, we should let the enemy have them on his rear.

If in the neighborhood of your camp there should be any hilly country, ponds surrounded by aquatic grass, hollow basins filled with reeds, or woods with thick undergrowth, they must be carefully routed out and searched; for these are places where men in ambush or insidious spies are likely to be lurking.

When the enemy is close at hand and remains quiet, he is relying on the natural strength of his position. When he keeps aloof and tries to provoke a battle, he is anxious for the other side to advance. If his place of encampment is easy of access, he is tendering a bait. Movement amongst the trees of a forest shows that the enemy is advancing. The appearance of a number of screens in the midst of thick grass means that the enemy wants to make us suspicious. The rising of birds in their flight is the sign of an ambuscade. Startled beasts indicate that a sudden attack is coming. When there is dust rising in a high column, it is the sign of chariots advancing; when the dust is low, but spread over a wide area, it betokens the approach of infantry. When it branches out in different directions, it shows that parties have been sent to collect firewood. A few clouds of dust moving to and for signify that the army is encamping.

Humble words and increased preparations are signs that the enemy is about to advance. Violent language and driving forward as if to the attack are signs that he will retreat. When the light chariots come out first and take up a position on the wings, it is a sign that the enemy is forming for battle. Peace proposals unaccompanied by a sworn covenant indicate a plot. When there is much running about and the soldiers fall into rank, it means that the critical moment has come. When some are seen advancing and some retreating, it is a lure.

When the soldiers stand leaning on their spears, they are faint from want of food. If those who are sent to draw water begin by drinking themselves, the army is suffering from thirst. If the enemy sees an advantage to be gained and makes no effort to secure it, the soldiers are exhausted. If birds gather on any spot, it is unoccupied. Clamor by night betokens nervousness. If there is disturbance in the camp, the general's authority is weak. If the banners and flags are shifted about, sedition is afoot. If the officers are angry, it means that the men are weary. When an army feeds its horses with grain and kills its cattle for food, and when the men do not hang their cooking-pots over the camp-fires, showing that they will not return to their tents, you may know that they are determined to fight to the death.

The sight of men whispering together in small knots or speaking in subdued tones points to disaffection amongst the rank and file. Too frequent rewards signify that the enemy is at the end of his resources; too many punishments betray a condition of dire distress. To begin by bluster, but afterwards to take fright at the enemy's numbers, shows a supreme lack of intelligence. When envoys are sent with compliments in their mouths, it is a sign that the enemy wishes for a truce. If the enemy's troops march up angrily and remain facing ours for a long time without either joining battle or taking themselves off again, the situation is one that demands great vigilance and circumspection.

If our troops are no more in number than the enemy, that is amply sufficient; it only means that no direct attack can be made. What we can do is simply to concentrate all our available strength, keep a close watch on the enemy, and obtain reinforcements. He who exercises no forethought but makes light of his opponents is sure to be captured by them.

If soldiers are punished before they have grown attached to you, they will not prove submissive; and, unless submissive, then will be practically useless. If, when the soldiers have become attached to you, punishments are not enforced, they will still be unless. Therefore soldiers must be treated in the first instance with humanity, but kept under control by means of iron discipline. This is a certain road to victory. If in training soldiers commands are habitually enforced, the army will be well-disciplined; if not, its discipline will be bad. If a general shows confidence in his men but always insists on his orders being obeyed, the gain will be mutual.

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